Roads and earth works

 

What should be the minimum road width:-

  Road width depends on the traffic. If we have to plan the single-car movement then on two lain then it should be 4 M, as the width of the car is 2 M.

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What is a milestone: A milestone is a stone with the marking of distance in kilometers. The traveler moving on to their destination can see the distance remaining. 

Road Strip: Road strips are of many types but we will see the two most visible road strip and their meaning, first is discontinued

 the line which is in white color seen at the road median, now discontinue mean vehicle can change its lain and the one with continuous line strip means that u can not change the lain.

What should be Road thickness: For residential road thickness should not be less than 200 mm ( 2 lain only - light car movement)- with nominal reinforcement. For industrial roads, the thickness should be not less than 325 mm ( 4 lain only ) - with dowel bard and tie bars 

Mix design of the Granular Sub-Base was carried out for M/s. Aniket Enterprises, Nagpur. The grading of the GSB is Grading I as per Clause 401.2 and Table 400.1 of clause 401.2.2 of Specifications for Road & Bridge Works – Ministry of Road Transport & Highways – 2013. The material supplied for the reported GSB Gr. I was 40mm, 20mm, 10mm & Stone Dust 2. DESIGN PARAMETERS (Specifications): The specifications for the material to be used in GSB as per clause 401, MORT&H – 2013, shall be as mentioned below. Combine Properties i. Aggregate Impact Value: Max. 40.0 % ii. Wet Aggregate Impact Value (If Water Absorption Exceeds 2%): Max. 40.0 %. iii. Water Absorption of Aggregate: Max. 2.0% iv. Soaked CBR (96 hrs. soaked): Min. 30.0 % v. Liquid Limit: Max. 25.0 % Plasticity Index : Max. 06.0 % vi. Grading: I

RECOMMENDATIONS: 1. The aggregate mix with the following proportion is recommended for GSB – Gr. I in proportion of 40mm Aggregate : 20 % 20mm Aggregate : 20 % 10mm Aggregate : 30 % Stone Dust : 30 % 2. The mix shall be compacted at 7.20 % of water content. 1. The maximum dry density shall be 2.305 gm/cm3. 2. The quality, gradation, and other physical properties of the various materials should be checked at regular intervals to ensure their suitability as per Tender Specifications.

The significant physical properties of the material are presented below. S.N. Properties Results 1. Wet Impact Value 13.91% 2. Water Absorption (Combine –material ) 1.523 % 3. California Bearing Ratio (Combine – material mix ) 90.70 % 4. Plasticity Index of material finer than 425-micron Non–Plastic The above properties satisfy the GSB specifications of MORT&H – 2013

MODIFIED PROCTOR DENSITY TEST OF COMBINED MATERIAL: The mix of the respective percentage of individual material as per 3, mentioned above and optimum moisture content and maximum dry density by modified proctor test was worked out. The results are as under. ∙ Optimum moisture content : 7.20 % ∙ Maximum dry density : 2.320gm/cm3

M40 concrete is used in road works 

Construction Pocket News:- 

Recently 75 km road from Amravati to Akola was completed ( bitumen laying ) in just 108 hours, this was done in India and got listed in Guinness book world record, breaking the Qatar record. The contractor was M/s Raj Path Infracon Pvt. Ltd.

Now Ohio city from the USA has taken a decision to give $21 million for making roads. The road will be of Bitumen which will make the project complete faster. Bridges are also included. Washington County is in a problem with small towns like Birchwood village for road making.

Roads without plantations are like an ocean without fish, Now Delhi government is seeking the plantation along the roadside which will decrease the pollution level in New Delhi.  As monsoon 2022 has reached Mumbai let's hope water should not hit day-to-day working people. Roads and drains are clear for serving, AS BMC has made Rs.2200 cr. agreement for the road in budget. Project of A. Buildcon and Macquarie  Ind. in Madhya Pradesh of Rs. 1000cr will be taken by National Investment and Infrastructure Fund. The action was filed against Madhucon company by the Executive director.

 

 Earthwork in construction means many things, As construction activities happen in every area, earth/soil does not available the same, sometimes it's hard as a rock, or some time is soft like clay. Basically, all earth-related activities are called earthworks in construction. Activates might be excavation, leveling, rolling, or filling these all come in earthwork.

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EARTHWORK TOON

Excavation:- When we remove the soil which is consolidated is known as excavation. For small work, and manual excavation we preferred labor with excavation tools like pickaxes, kassi, and pan.

PAN 

Kassi 

Pickaxe

 For big works, we use machines like backhoe, excavator (proclaim), dumper, grader, crawler loader, bulldozer and etc.

Filling:- It is very important to be filled proper soil for backfilling. Many make mistakes to fill the same soil, We should always fill the hard soil like moroom. Now if we take filling in case of the road then, we have to first do the soil stabilization if we do not want to go much deeper or we are at black-cotton soil. Soil stabilization is again a full chapter. later we do GSB then WBM and then DLC and on that P.Q.C.

Tractor Stabilization

Grader on road

Roller on road

What is O.M.C :

The water content required for attaining maximum dry density of soil sample is known as optimum moisture content (O.M.C)

Procedure:

1. Sieve the soil through a 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and take 20 kg of soil sample. mix the soil with water.
2. Clean dry and find the weight of mold without collar
3. Compact the wet soil sample in three equal layers. Each layer should be compacted with 25 uniformly distributed blows of the standard metal rammer weight of 2.5 kg.
4. After compacting the first layer make scratches with the knife on the surface of the previous layer before placing the succeeding layer.
5. remove the collar by rotating it and level the top with a straight edge. Find the weight of the wet soil sample in the mold.
6. Remove the soil from the mold and find its moisture content by taking the sample from the middle layer.
7. Repeat the above procedure with a new sample of the same soil by increasing and decreasing the moisture. Take 5 to 6 readings.

  W= (W1-W2) / W2    =  ( ( wt.of the soil -wt of dry soil ) / wt of dry soil ) x 100

⋋wet = (Wwet / Wwet),  rdry= ( rwet/ 1+w).

Small Earth compactor:- There are many earth compactors but a few are Plate compactors, Small rollers, and single jumping compactors. Please see the videos for a proper understanding.